museum at Puy, in France, present,

¹ ' Erant tragularii, qui ad manuballistas vel arcuballistas dirigebant sagittas,' Book II., Chapter 15 - with them were the javelin men, who from their bows in hand or crossbows directed their arrows.

writes Victor Gay,¹ all the characteristics of the primitive crossbow carried by hand.

From the fifth to the tenth century, all evidence, historical or pictorial, is wanting as to whether the crossbow was in common use or not.

In the tenth century, the crossbow was, however, a popular arm, as the two following extracts quoted by Victor Gay prove. These are taken from the printed reproduction of the tenth century MS. of the monk Richer's ' Historia.'

1. King Lewis, with an army from Belgium, enters the territory of the Duke, in 947. First he attacks the city of Senlis ... on both sides very many are wounded. But the Belgians, because they were attacked vigorously by the crossbowmen of the city, could not resist ... so by order of the king they draw off from that city, not only by reason of the crossbowmen, but also because of the strength of the towers.

2. And here Lothair, with 10,000 men, made for Verdun, 985. The bowmen were set against the foe, and the arrows discharged, and the missiles from the crossbows, were careering about in the air so thickly, that they seemed to be coming down from heaven and rising out of the earth.

In the picture of the martyrdom of St. Sebastian, which took place in 288, and was a favourite subject for Italian masters in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries - such as Mantegna, Veronese, Domenico - the Saint is often shown as being pierced by his assailants with bolts from crossbows. The crossbows are in some cases minutely depicted, as well as the manner of stretching their strings, especially in the large picture by Pollajuolo² dated 1475, now in the National Gallery in London, fig. 31, p. 74.

It is curious that the crossbow is not to be found in any illustrated manuscript of the time, as having been used at the landing of the Normans in England in 1066, at the battle of Hastings, or during the subsequent conquest of England, 1066-1071. The Bayeux tapestry³ with its hundreds of knights and soldiers, with swords, spears, bows and arrows, is contemporary with, and was specially designed to commemorate the Norman invasion of Britain, and the attendant battles, yet it does not contain one crossbow.

We know, however, that crossbows were brought to England by the Normans in 1066, for they are distinctly alluded to in a contemporary

¹ Victor Gay, Archazological Glossary of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Paris, 1887.

² Antonio Pollajuolo, Italian painter, born 1429, died 1498.

³ This piece of work is 230 feet long by 20 inches wide. It contains 623 persons, besides 762 horses, dogs and other animals, 27 buildings, and 41 ships and boats.