of ordinary length, can rarely exceed a range of 280 to 290 yards, though a distance of 320 to 340 yards has on two or three occasions been recorded ; Roberts, the author of ' The English Bowman,' even writes of a shot of 360 yards which he was informed occurred in 1798, but which was made, however, on declining ground.

In the days when the longbow was at its best, and was the national weapon of the English in war and sport, every man and youth, rich or poor, who could bend a bow, constantly practised archery. That some of the great number of archers continually shooting with the longbow, would be able to surpass considerably the ordinary bowman of the period in feats of range and marksmanship, was of course likely.

I am convinced, however, that none of these exceptional performers ever shot the mediaeval arrow used in warfare, sport or at the target, a distance of 420 yards. I doubt if a range of even 390 yards was ever attained by an English longbowman, unless with the aid of a strong wind, or from an elevation.

Many of our castles which were built in the days when archery nourished, and before the introduction of long-range steel crossbows, are within 300 to 350 yards of eminences. The courtyard of the great castle of Carnarvon, for instance, is commanded by a hill only 330 yards distant from it.

If medieval archers shot from 350 to 400 yards, as they are often alleged to have been able to do easily, Carnarvon Castle would never have been built where it is ; as a company of bowmen could have poured their shafts into its garrison from the hill that overlooks the fortress.

Berkeley Castle is another example The parish church at Berkeley is within 50 yards of the castle keep. Its church tower, however, stands by itself, 134 yards from the centre of the keep, and 170 yards from the courtyard of the castle. It was erected at a distance from the body of the church, in order to prevent the archers of an enemy from annoying the garrison of the castle should they happen to seize the tower as a point of vantage. There is, indeed, no other reason for the isolated position of the church tower at Berkeley.

In this case, it will be noticed that a much shorter range than that at Carnarvon was considered to be a safe one against the assaults of bowmen.

Even in modern days, the feats of shooting with the medieval longbow are asserted to have been of such a marvellous nature, that the writers not only excite ridicule among those versed in archery, but too plainly show their ignorance of the arm.

Sir Walter Scott (' Ivanhoe') is certainly a culprit in this respect, with his accounts of the piercing of willow wands, and of an archer purposely splitting a rival's arrow when it was fixed in the target.

The Crossbow   >  Chapter 5   >  Range of the Medieval Crossbow   >  p.22